Detección de tornillos prominentes en la articulación radiocarpiana mediante la proyección tangencial del escafoides dorsal / Detection of protruding screws in the radiocarpal joint using the "scaphoid skyline view"

INTRODUCCIÓN: Una de las complicaciones de la osteosíntesis retrógrada del escafoides es la protrusión del tornillo en la articulación radiocarpiana, dada la limitada visualización intraoperatoria del polo proximal del escafoides con las proyecciones tradicionales. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la capacidad de una nueva proyección radiológica, la proyección "tangencial del escafoides dorsal", o TED, para identificar tornillos prominentes radiocarpianos durante la osteosíntesis retrógrada del escafoides con tornillos canulados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cadavérico en muñecas frescas congeladas. Se introdujo en el escafoides un tornillo canulado con técnica retrógrada estándar. La proyección TED fue evaluada en 5 muñecas, con angulaciones del antebrazo de 15°, 30° y 45° para definir la mejor visualización del polo proximal del escafoides y del tornillo. Se comparó la capacidad para identificar la prominencia del tornillo en el polo proximal de la proyección TED de 30° con 5 proyecciones tradicionales de escafoides en 9 muñecas. El tornillo se posicionó a nivel de la superficie del escafoides, y luego se avanzó a intervalos de 0,5 mm bajo visualización directa por artrotomía dorsal. Tras cada intervalo, se repitieron todas las proyecciones para determinar su capacidad de detectar tornillos prominentes en el escafoides. RESULTADOS: La mejor visualización del polo proximal del escafoides se logró con la proyección TED de 30°. Al comparar la proyección TED de 30° y las tradicionales, con la TED se logró identificar tornillos prominentes a 0,8 mm promedio, seguida por la proyección posteroanterior con cubitalización y extensión a 1.3 mm (p » 0.014), con una alta precisión y correlación interobservador de estas proyecciones. CONCLUSIÓN: La proyección TED demostró ser la más sensible para detectar tornillos prominentes en la articulación radiocarpiana. Su uso rutinario podría evitar complicaciones durante la osteosíntesis.

INTRODUCTION: One of the complications of the retrograde percutaneous scaphoid fixation is the protrusion of the screw in the radiocarpal joint due to the limited intraoperative visualization of the proximal pole of the scaphoid with the traditional radiographic views. OBJETIVE: To evaluate the sensitivity of a novel radiographic view (the skyline scaphoid view, SSV) to detect screws protruding in the radiocarpal joint during the retrograde fixation of the scaphoid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied nine cadaverous fresh frozen wrists. A retrograde cannulated screw was inserted in the scaphoid. To validate the SSV, 5 wrists were studied, comparing 3 forearm angulations (15°, 30° and 45°) to get the best visualization of the proximal pole and screw. We compared the ability to identify the protrusion of the screw in the proximal pole of the 30° SSV with that of 5 standard scaphoid radiographic views in 9 wrists. The screw was positioned at the level of the surface of the scaphoid, and was sequentially protruded in 0.5 mm increments, with direct visualization of its tip through a dorsal capsulotomy. After each increment, all views were repeated to determine if they were able to detect screws projecting from the scaphoid. RESULTS: The best visualization of the proximal pole of the scaphoid was found with the 30° SSV. In the comparison of the 30° SSV and the standard views, with the SSV we were able to identify the protrusion of the screws at an average of 0.8 mm, followed by the posterior-anterior view with ulnar deviation and extension at 1.3 mm (p » 0.014), with high precision and interobserver agreement regarding these views. CONCLUSION: The SSV was the most sensitive view to detect protruding screws in the proximal pole of the scaphoid. Its routine use could avoid complications during osteosynthesis.

Fracturas ipsilaterales proximales y diafisarias de fémur: ¿existe una mejor opción terapéutica?: revisión bibliográfica / Ipsilateral proximal and shaft femoral fractures: is there a better therapeutic option?: review / Fracturas ipsilaterais proximais e diafisárias do fémur: existe uma melhor opção terapêutica?: revisão bibliográfica

Introducción: Las fracturas ipsilaterales proximales de fémur ocurren en el 1 al 9% de las fracturas diafisarias. Existen múltiples tratamientos propuestos para dicha asociación lesional. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los diferentes métodos de tratamiento propuestos, y comparar sus resultados funcionales y principales complicaciones. Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizaron los buscadores electrónicos: PubMed, Lilacs, Cochrane y Ovid SP. La búsqueda llegó a un total de 1829 trabajos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 21 según criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Discusión: No existe un consenso acerca de cuál es el mejor método de fijación para esta asociación lesional. Esta ocurre en pacientes jóvenes por un mecanismo axial de alta energía cinética y la opción elegida debe buscar la reducción anatómica de la fracturas proximales de fémur. Las complicaciones como la pseudoartrosis de cuello femoral y la necrosis avascular son de difícil manejo en este grupo etario. Conclusión: Las fracturas ipsilaterales proximales y diafisarias de fémur son lesiones que presentan un problema diagnóstico y terapéutico. Hay un subdiagnóstico de las mismas y no existe un implante ideal, ni un consenso de cual es el mejor método de fijación.

Introduction: Ipsilateral proximal femoral fractures ocurred in 1 to 9% of femoral shaft fractures. There are multiple treatments proposed for these injuries. The objetive of the present work is revise the different treatment options and compare their functional results and main complications Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature search was carried out using: Pubmed, Lilacs, Cochrane and OVID SP. Initially there were identified a total of 1829 studies. Only 21 studies remained after inclusion and exclusion were applied. Discussion: There is no consensus about which is the best fixation option for these injuries. These occurred in young patients as a result of a high energy axial trauma, and the selected treatment must achieve anatomic reduction of the proximal femoral fracture. Complications such as femoral neck no-union and avascular necrosis are difficult to manage at this age. Conclusion: Ipsilateral proximal and shaft femoral fractures present diagnostic and therapeutic problems. There is an underdiagnosis of these injuries, and there is no ideal implant or consensus on which is the best fixation method.

Introdução: As fraturas proximais ipsilaterais do fêmur ocorrem em 1 a 9% das fraturas diafisárias. Existem vários tratamentos propostos para essa associação lesional. O objetivo deste trabalho é rever os diferentes métodos de tratamento propostos, e comparar os seus resultados funcionais e principais complicações. Materiais e Métodos: Foram utilizados os buscadores eletrônicos: Pubmed, Lilacs, Cochrane e Ovid SP. A busca chegou a um total de 1829 trabalhos, dos quais foram selecionados 21 segundo critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Discussão: Não há consenso sobre qual é o melhor método de fixação para esta associação lesional. Esta ocorre em pacientes jovens por um mecanismo axial de alta energia cinética e a opção escolhida deve procurar a redução anatômica da fratura proximal do fêmur. Complicações como a pseudoartrose do pescoço femoral e a necrose avascular são de difícil manejo neste grupo etário. Conclusão: As fraturas ...(SUPRIMIR LO PRECEDENTE)Conclusão: As fracturas ipsilaterais proximais e diafisárias do fémur são lesões que apresentam um problema diagnóstico e terapêutico. Há um subdiagnóstico das mesmas e não existe um implante ideal, nem um consenso de qual é o melhor método de fixação.

Una Descripción General y Actualizada de Miniplacas y Minitornillos. Efectos Dentoalveolares y Esqueléticos / A General and Updated Description of Miniplates and Miniscrews. Dentoalveolar and Skeletal Effects

RESUMEN: En ortodoncia, las miniplacas se utilizan como dispositivo de anclaje temporal (TAD) para la realización de movimientos dentales que permiten el uso de fuerzas ortopédicas en ellos. En comparación con los mini tornillos, las miniplacas tienen la ventaja de una tasa de falla muy baja, pero la desventaja es que para la extracción se necesita el mismo acto quirúrgico que se realizó para la instalación. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión bibliográfica de las indicaciones de miniplacas en pacientes con mordidas abiertas, clase II y anomalías de clase III, y buscar cómo las miniplacas han mejorado los tratamientos de ortodoncia. La información principal se reunió buscando en PubMed con las palabras clave enumeradas a continuación. Afirmamos que las miniplacas están indicadas para la retracción en masa de la arcada, donde se observó que la fuerza de 150 g aplicada en los molares superiores es suficiente no solo para empujar los molares hacia atrás en una clase I corregida, sino también para iniciar la retracción de premolares, caninos e incisivos. En pacientes con mordida abierta, las miniplacas se definen como un método seguro, una alternativa rápida y menos costosa a la cirugía ortognática. Y en pacientes de las clases II y III se utilizan sin producir efectos dentoalveolares que sustituyan a los dispositivos extraorales como máscaras, con dispositivos intraorales y elásticos (BAMP).

ABSTRACT: In orthodontics, miniplates are used as a Temporary Anchoring Device (TAD) for the purpose dental movements, allowing the use of orthopedic forces. In comparison with mini-screws, miniplates have the advantage of a very low rate of failure. Nonetheless, their removal requires the same surgical procedure as during installation, which is an obvious disadvantage. The aim of this study is to review the indications of miniplates in patients with open bite, class II and class III anomalies, and review how miniplates improved orthodontics treatments. Information was obtained by a search in PubMed with the keywords listed below. Miniplates are indicated for retraction in mass of the arcade, where it was seen that the force of 150 g applied on maxillary molars, is sufficient not only to push the molars back into a corrected class I, but also to initiate retraction of premolars, canines, and incisors. In open-bite patients, mini plates, are achieved as a safe method, that is quick and a less expensive alternative to orthognathic surgery. Further, in class II and III patients they are used without producing dentoalveolar effects replacing extraoral devices as facemasks, with intraoral devices and elastics. (BAMP).

Errores de osteosíntesis en fracturas laterales de cadera tratadas con placa/tornillo deslizante / Failed internal fixation of intertrochanteric hip fractures with dynamic hip screws

Introducción: El uso de los sistemas placa/tornillo deslizante para fracturas intertrocantéricas ha demostrado ser un método de fijación eficaz, pero no está exento de fallas. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar las causas de falla en los pacientes con fracturas laterales de cadera, tratados con placa/tornillo deslizante, puntualizando los defectos técnicos en la colocación. Materiales y Métodos: En nuestro centro, se trató a 177 pacientes por fractura lateral de cadera, a 151 de ellos se les practicó osteosíntesis con placa/tornillo deslizante. Se analizaron la adecuada reducción posoperatoria, la medición de la distancia punta a vértice, la posición del tornillo cefálico en la cabeza femoral y las posibles complicaciones. Resultados: La serie quedó conformada por 143 pacientes. El seguimiento promedio fue de 18 meses (rango 12-48). La tasa de fallas fue del 8,4% (n = 12): 7 (4,8%) por migración cefálica (cut-out) del tornillo proximal, 2 (1,4%) por migración medial (cut-through), 2 (1,4%) presentaron seudoartrosis y un caso (0,70%) de reducción inadecuada en varo. El porcentaje de una segunda operación fue del 7,7% (n = 11). La peor posición fue la superior/posterior con un 100% de migración (n = 4) (p <0,001, diferencia estadísticamente significativa). Conclusión: El posicionamiento superior/posterior del tornillo cefálico podría incrementar la posibilidad de migración y, en consecuencia, la tasa de falla del sistema. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objectives: The use of dynamic hip screws (DHS) for intertrochanteric fractures has proven to be an effective, but infalible, fixation method. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reason behind fixation failure in patients with this type of hip fracture treated with a DHS. Materials and Methods: 177 patients were treated in our center for intertrochanteric hip fractures. A DHS was placed in 151 of them. Our analysis included quality of reduction after surgery, tip-apex distance, femoral head lag screw position, and possible complications. Results: The series included 143 patients. The average follow-up was 18 months (range 12-48). The failure rate was 8.4% (n = 12): 7 (4.8%) cases were due to intrapelvic migration of the lag screw ("cut-out") and 2 (1.4%) were due to medial perforation ("cut-through"), while 2 (1.4%) cases presented with pseudarthrosis and 1 (0.70%) with varus deformity after reduction. The revision rate was 7.7% (n = 11). Lag screws placed in a superior/posterior position had the highest failure rate (100% migration rate) (n = 4) (p <0.001, statistically significant difference). Conclusions: Superior/posterior positioning of the lag screw may increase the possibility of migration and, consequently, the failure rate of the DHS system. Level of Evidence: IV

Axis screws: results and complications of a large case series

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To present the surgical results of patients who underwent axis screw instrumentation, discussing surgical nuances and complications of the techniques used. METHODS: Retrospective case-series evaluation of patients who underwent spinal surgery with axis instrumentation using screws. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients were included in this study. The most common cause of mechanical instability was spinal cord trauma involving the axis (36 patients - 55.4%), followed by congenital craniocervical malformation (12 patients - 18.5%). Thirty-seven (57%) patients required concomitant C1 fusion. Bilateral axis fixation was performed in almost all cases. Twenty-three patients (35.4%) underwent bilateral laminar screws fixation; pars screws were used in twenty-two patients (33.8%), and pedicular screws were used isolated in only three patients (4.6%). In fourteen patients (21.5%), we performed a hybrid construction. There was no neurological worsening nor vertebral artery injury in this series. CONCLUSION: Axis screw instrumentation proved to be a safe and efficient method for cervical stabilization. Laminar and pars screws were the most commonly used

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Apresentar os resultados cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos à instrumentação com parafusos do áxis, discutindo nuances cirúrgicas e complicações das técnicas utilizadas. MÉTODOS: Série retrospectiva de pacientes submetidos à instrumentação do áxis utilizando parafusos. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e cinco pacientes foram incluídos neste estudo. A causa mais comum de instabilidade foi trauma raquimedular envolvendo o áxis (36 pacientes - 55,4%), seguida por malformação craniocervical congênita (12 pacientes - 18,5%). Trinta e sete (57%) pacientes necessitaram concomitante fusão de C1. Fixação bilateral foi realizada em quase todos os casos. Vinte e três pacientes (35,4%) foram submetidos à fixação com parafusos de lâmina; parafusos de pars foram utilizados em 22 pacientes (33,8%) e de pedículo, isoladamente, em três (4,6%). Em 14 casos (21,5%), realizamos técnicas combinadas. Não houve piora neurológica ou lesão de artéria vertebral nesta série de casos. CONCLUSÃO: A instrumentação com parafusos do áxis foi um método seguro e eficaz para estabilização cervical. A fixação da lâmina e a da pars foram as técnicas mais utilizadas.

Three-dimensional assessment of external apical root resorption after maxillary posterior teeth intrusion with miniscrews in anterior open bite patients

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the external apical root resorption (EARR) of the maxillary posterior teeth after intrusion with miniscrews. Methods: Fifteen patients (13 females and 2 males) with age ranging from 14.5 to 22 years (mean 18.1 ±2.03 years) were selected to participate in this study. All patients presented with anterior open bite of 3 mm or more. An intrusion force of 300 g was applied on each side to intrude the maxillary posterior teeth. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were taken pretreatment and post-intrusion and were analyzed to evaluate the EARR. Results: The maxillary posterior teeth were intruded in average 2.79 ± 0.46 mm (p< 0.001) in 5.1 ± 1.3 months, and all examined roots showed statistically significant EARR (p< 0.05) with an average of 0.55 mm, except the distobuccal root of the left first permanent molars and both the palatal and buccal roots of left first premolars, which showed no statistically significant changes. Conclusions: The evaluated teeth presented statistically significant EARR, but clinically, due to the small magnitude, it was not considered significant. Moreover, the CBCT provided a good visualization of all roots in all three planes, and it was effective in detecting minimal degrees of EARR.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a existência de reabsorção radicular apical externa (RRAE) em dentes posterossuperiores após intrusão ancorada em mini-implantes. Métodos: quinze pacientes (13 mulheres e 2 homens) com a idade variando entre 14,5 e 22 anos (média de 18,1 ± 2,03 anos) foram selecionados para participar desse estudo. Todos os pacientes possuíam mordida aberta anterior de 3mm ou mais. Uma força de 300 gramas foi aplicada em cada lado para intruir os dentes posterossuperiores. Tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico (TCFC), adquiridas antes do tratamento e após a intrusão, foram comparadas para se avaliar a RRAE. Resultados: os dentes posterossuperiores foram intruídos em média 2,70 ± 0,46 mm (p< 0,001) em 5,1 ± 1,3 meses, e todas as raízes examinadas mostraram RRAE estatisticamente significativa (p< 0,05), com média de 0,55 mm, exceto pela raiz distovestibular dos primeiros molares permanentes esquerdos, e pelas raízes palatina e vestibular dos primeiros pré-molares esquerdos, que não apresentaram mudanças estatisticamente significativas. Conclusões: os dentes avaliados apresentaram RRAE estatisticamente significativa, a qual, porém, não foi considerada clinicamente significativa, devido à sua reduzida magnitude. Além disso, a TCFC possibilitou uma boa visualização de todas as raízes nos três planos espaciais, e foi eficaz para detecção de níveis mínimos de RRAE.

Artroplastia de cadera luego de una osteosíntesis fallida en fracturas laterales de cadera / Hip arthroplasty for failed internal fixation of intertrochanteric fractures

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio retrospectivo fue evaluar el comportamiento clínico-radiológico, las complicaciones y las dificultades técnicas de los reemplazos de cadera luego de una osteosíntesis fallida con tornillo placa dinámico (DHS) en fracturas laterales de cadera. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizaron 38 reemplazos de cadera en 38 pacientes (31 mujeres y 7 hombres, edad promedio 75.59 años [rango 67-90]), con un seguimiento de 45.5 meses (rango 16-128). Se realizaron 30 reemplazos totales, 7 con prótesis bipolares y uno con una endoprótesis no convencional. En 29 casos, la longitud del tallo femoral fue estándar y 9 eran largos. Clínicamente se evaluó la presencia de dolor y objetivamente se utilizó el puntaje de cadera de Harris. En las radiografías, se analizaron la calidad del cementado (Barrack), las demarcaciones protésicas, la presencia de aflojamiento, seudoartrosis del trocánter mayor y sus complicaciones. Resultados: El puntaje de Harris promedio posoperatorio fue de 79 (rango 70-88). De los 35 tallos cementados, 30 fueron clase A; cuatro, B y uno, C de Barrack. No hubo revisiones. Cuatro cotilos cementados presentaron demarcación en zona I; uno, en zona II y III; y otro, en las tres zonas. Hubo 5 seudoartrosis del trocánter mayor, 3 infecciones agudas que evolucionaron favorablemente con limpieza quirúrgica y antibióticos. Tres pacientes sufrieron luxaciones, uno requirió revisión. Conclusiones: El rescate de un DHS fallido mediante un reemplazo de cadera representa un procedimiento con resultados funcionales aceptables, devuelve a los pacientes la capacidad de marcha. Es un procedimiento técnicamente demandante y se asocia a una alta tasa de complicaciones. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the clinical and radiological outcomes, complications, and technical problems of total hip arthroplasty following failure of dynamic screw fixation of the intertrochanteric fractures. Methods: Thirty-eight total hip arthroplasties in 38 patients were reviewed (31 women and 7 men, with a mean age of 75.5 9 years [range 67-90]), with a follow-up of 45.5 months (range 16-128). Thirty were total hip arthroplasties, 7 bipolar hip arthroplasties and an unconventional prosthesis. Nine large femoral stems and 29 standard stems were used. The presence of pain was clinically evaluated, and the Harris hip score was objectively used. Quality of cementation (Barrack), prosthetic demarcations, loosening, pseudoarthrosis of the greater trochanter and its complications were analyzed in X-rays. Results: Average Harris Hip Score was 79 points (range 70-88). Thirty of 35 cemented femoral stems were type A (Barrack), 4 type B and one type C. There were no revisions. Four cemented cotyles had a demarcation line in zone I, one, in zones II and III; and the other in the three zones. There were 5 nonunion of greater trochanter, 3 acute infections with favorable outcome after toilette and antibiotics. Three patients suffered dislocations, one of them needed revision. Conclusions: Total hip arthroplasty as salvage procedure after failed dynamic screw fixation achieves acceptable functional results and allows ambulation. This procedure is technically challenging with a high complication rate. Level of Evidence: IV

Ruptura de tornillo tibial interferencial biodegradable posterior a reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior / Broken bioabsorbable interference tibial screw of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Se presenta un reporte un caso con una ruptura de tornillo interferencial biodegradable tibial luego de la reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) con injerto cuádruple autólogo de semitendinoso y recto interno. Doce meses postoperatorios luego de una recuperación satisfactoria inicia con síntomas de bloqueo y dolor de rodilla. La Resonancia magnética (RM) mostró ruptura del tornillo tibial sin pérdida de la ubicación ni continuidad de la plástica de LCA. Se realizó extracción de la parte rota del tornillo por vía artroscópica. La paciente tuvo una recuperación completa de su rodilla. Éste caso describe posibles causas de ruptura del tornillo biodegradable y se sugiere tomar en cuenta los cuidados necesarios para evitar dicho problema.

We report a case of broken screw from the tibial site of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using an autologous ipsilateral semitendinosus-gracilis quadruple graft. Twelve months after initially successful ACL surgery the patient felt locking symptoms and knee pain. MRI showed a broken bioabsorbable interference tibial screw without loss of location or continuity of the ACL graft. At revision arthroscopy the broken part was removed. The patient had full recovery. This case describes possible causes of bioscrew rupture in ACL surgery and we suggest the necessary precautions to avoid this problem.

Perforación radicular asociada al uso de microtornillos en el anclaje ortodóncico: reporte de un caso / Root perforation associated with the use of micro-screws in orthodontic anchorage: a case report

Este reporte de caso describe el tratamiento quirúrgico de un primer molar maxilar como solución a la perforación iatrogénica de su raíz mesiovestibular tras la colocación de un microtornillo para el refuerzo del anclaje ortodoncico en un paciente adulto. El objetivo de este caso clínico es dar a conocer una de las posibles complicaciones asociadas a la colocación de microtornillos interradiculares asociados al refuerzo del anclaje en ortodoncia, su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

The aim of this publication is to present one of the possible complications associated with the placement of interradicular miniscrews for the reinforcement of anchorage in orthodontics. This case report describes the surgical treatment of a maxillary first molar as a solution for the iatrogenic perforation of its mesiobuccal root after the placement of a microscrew for the reinforcement of the orthodontic anchorage in an adult patient.

Resultado a largo plazo de las fusiones largas espinopelvicas en escoliosis: importancia de la edad, la capacidad de marcha y el tipo de fijación ilíaca / Resultado a longo prazo das grandes artrodeses espinopélvicas em escoliose: importância da idade, da capacidade de marcha e do tipo de fixação ilíaca / Long-term result of major spinopelvic arthrodeses in scoliosis: importance of age, walking ability and type of iliac fixation

OBJETIVO: Conocer los factores que influyen en los fracasos instrumentales lumbosacros después de fusiones espinopélvicas largas. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes diagnosticados con escoliosis, tratados quirúrgicamente por vía posterior, realizándo se fusión espinopélvica de T2 o T3 a ilíaco, utilizando tornillos pediculares e ilíacos. Se analizaron los fracasos instrumentales y su asociación con diferentes parámetros clínicos y radiológicos. RESULTADOS: Se presentan 44 pacientes con edad promedio de 24 años, con diferentes etiologías. El valor promedio preoperatorio de la curva mayor era de 74,2º, y en la revisión final la corrección promedio fue 67%. El desequilibrio anteroposterior y la inclinación pélvica, la cifosis torácica, la lordosis lumbar y el desequilibrio lateral mejoraron significativamente en la revisión final. Hubo 41% de fracasos de instrumentación, todos a nivel lumbosacro. Se encontró asociación significativa con más fracasos instrumentales en mayores de 17 años y en los que tenían deambulación autónoma. En 24 pacientes, se utilizó un solo tornillo ilíaco bilateralmente y en 20 pacientes, dos o más. Los dos grupos tuvieron una incidencia similar de fracasos. En el grupo de dos o más tornillos solo existieron roturas de barras sin desanclajes, ni lisis. El uso de implantes intersomáticos de L3 a S1 o cerclajes sublaminares con una tercera barra disminuyó la incidencia de fracasos. CONCLUSIONES: En esta serie se presentaron un 41% de fracasos instrumentales, todos localizados a nivel lumbosacro. Los pacientes con capacidad de deambulación autónoma y mayores de 17 años presentaron significativamente más fallas instrumentales. En los que se realizó fusión intersomática L3-S1 o una tercera barra con cerclajes sublaminares, disminuyó la incidencia.

OBJETIVO: Compreender os fatores que influenciam as falhas instrumentais lombossacrais depois de fusões espinopélvicas grandes. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com diagnóstico de escoliose, tratados cirurgicamente com fusão espinopélvica por via posterior, realizada de T2 ou T3 até o ilíaco, com parafusos pediculares e ilíacos. As falhas instrumentais foram analisadas, além de sua associação com diferentes parâmetros clínicos e radiológicos. RESULTADOS: Apresentamos 44 pacientes com média de idade de 24 anos, com diferentes etiologias. O valor médio da curva pré-operatória maior foi 74,2 graus, e na revisão final foi de 67%. O desequilíbrio anteroposterior e a inclinação pélvica, a cifose torácica, a lordose lombar e o desequilíbrio lateral melhoraram significantemente na revisão final. Houve falhas de instrumentação de 41%, todas na região lombossacral. Verificou-se associação significante com mais falhas instrumentais em pacientes com mais de 17 anos e nos que tinham deambulação independente. Em 24 pacientes, utilizou-se um único parafuso ilíaco bilateral e em 20 pacientes, foram usados dois ou mais. Os dois grupos tiveram incidência de falhas semelhante. No grupo de dois ou mais parafusos ocorreram apenas quebra de hastes, sem perda da ancoragem ou lise. Os implantes intersomáticos de L3 a S1 ou amarrias sublaminares com uma terceira haste diminuíram a incidência de fracassos. CONCLUSÕES: Nesta série ocorreram 41% de falhas instrumentais, todas localizadas na região lombossacral. Os pacientes com capacidade de marcha independente e com mais de 17 anos tiveram significantemente mais falhas instrumentais. Nos pacientes submetidos à fusão intersomática de L3-S1 ou com uma terceira haste com amarrias sublaminares, a incidência foi reduzida.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors that influence lumbosacral instrumentation failures following spino-pelvic fusions. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients diagnosed with scoliosis who underwent spinopelvic fusion via posterior, from T2 or T3 proximally to iliac crest, using pedicle and iliac screws. Instrumentation failures were analyzed, and the association of this complication with different parameters was studied. RESULTS: We present 44 patients, with an average age of 24 years, with different etiologies. The mean value of the largest preoperative major curve was 74.2°, and in the final review, it was 67%. The anterior-posterior imbalance, pelvic tilt, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis and lateral imbalance were significantly improved in the final review. There were instrumentation failures in 41% cases, all at the lumbosacral level. A significant association was found between increased instrumentation failures in patients over 17 years and in patients with independent walking ability. In 24 patients, a bilateral single iliac screw was used and in 20 patients, two or more screws were used. Both groups had a similar incidence of failures. In the group with two or more screws, only rod breakages occurred, without detachment or screw lysis. There was lower instrumentation failure incidence in the patients who underwent L3-S1 interbody fusion or a third rod attached with sublaminar compression hooks. CONCLUSIONS: This series had 41% instrumentation failures, all located at lumbosacral level. There were significant more instrumentation failures in patients with independent walking ability and those aged over 17 years. There was lower instrumentation failure incidence in the patients who underwent L3-S1 interbody fusion or a third rod attached with sublaminar compression hooks.

Parafusos pediculares mal posicionados pela técnica freehand: qual o real valor para o surgimento de lesões neurológicas? / Misplaced pedicle screws by the freehand technique: what is the real value for the occurrence of neurological lesions? / Tornillos pediculares mal posicionados por técnica "freehand": ¿cuál es el valor real de la aparición de las lesiones neurológicas?

OBJETIVO: Verificar a existência de lesões neurológicas nos pacientes submetidos à instrumentação com parafusos pediculares mal posicionados na região toracolombar. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com seleção randômica de 30 pacientes submetidos à instrumentação pedicular por via posterior, pela técnica freehand. Foi avaliada comparativamente, de forma cega, a adequação do posicionamento dos parafusos nas vértebras por meio de tomografias. A seguir, tentou-se correlacionar a existência de alterações neurológicas relacionadas ao posicionamento dos implantes. RESULTADOS: Observados 223 parafusos pediculares na coluna toracolombar em 30 pacientes operados no serviço por diversas doenças. Houve violação da parede do pedículo vertebral em 33% dos pacientes, sendo mais da metade com invasão da cortical medial. A piora neurológica no pós-operatório imediato ocorreu em três pacientes, entretanto apenas um parafuso precisou de reposicionamento. Todos os pacientes recuperaram a situação neurológica pré-cirúrgica. CONCLUSÕES: O índice de violação cortical com parafusos pediculares mostrou-se elevado. Contudo, nota-se que pequenas violações pediculares podem causar danos neurológicos e que, quando esses acontecem, são reversíveis se o erro for corrigido.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the presence of neurological damages in patients submitted to instrumentation with thoracolumbar pedicle screws misplacement. METHODS: Prospective study with a random selection of 30 patients submitted to pedicular instrumentation by posterior approach with freehand technique. Screws vertebral positioning was comparatively and blindly evaluated with tomographies. Then, we tried to correlate neurological status with screws placement. RESULTS: Thirty patients submitted to spinal surgery at this hospital for any disease had instrumentation with 223 pedicle screws. Vertebral pedicle wall violation was observed in 33% of cases, and more than half of them had medial cortical breach. Neurological worsening occurred in three patients in the immediate postoperative period, but only one screw needed repositioning. All patients recovered the previous neurological status. CONCLUSION: A high level of pedicle screw cortical violation was observed. However, small pedicle breaches may originate neurological damages and, when they occur, the lesions are reversible if the misplaced screws are corrected.

OBJETIVO: Comprobar si hay lesiones neurológicas en pacientes sometidos a la instrumentación con tornillos pediculares mal posicionados en la región toracolumbar. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo con selección aleatoria de 30 pacientes sometidos a la instrumentación pedicular posterior a través de la técnica "freehand". Se evaluó comparativamente en forma ciega, la conveniencia de la colocación de tornillos en las vértebras con visualización por TC. A continuación, tratamos de correlacionar la presencia de trastornos neurológicos relacionados con la colocación de los implantes. RESULTADOS: Fueron observados 223 tornillos pediculares en la columna toracolumbar en 30 pacientes operados en el servicio debido a diversas enfermedades. Hubo una violación de la pared del pedículo en un 33% de los casos, siendo que más de la mitad con invasión de la cortical medial. El empeoramiento neurológico en el postoperatorio inmediato se produjo en tres pacientes, aunque fue necesario cambiar la posición de un solo tornillo. Todos los pacientes recuperaron su estado neurológico preoperatorio. CONCLUSIONES: La tasa de violación cortical con tornillos pediculares fue alta. No obstante, se observó que las pequeñas violaciones pediculares pueden causar daño neurológico y que cuando esto sucede, es reversible si se corrige el error.

Manejo de fracturas intertrocantéricas de cadera tronzo V con tornillo dinámico condileo / Tronzo V hip fractures managment with dynamic condylar screw

Antecedentes: Las fracturas intertrocantéricas son fracturas extracapsulares de la porción proximal del fémur que envuelve el área entre el trocánter mayor y el menor, representan cerca de la mitad de las fracturas del fémur proximal. La incidencia de las fracturas intertrocantéricas depende del sexo y la raza. El diagnóstico de fractura de cadera puede ser fácilmente establecido a través de una historia clínica, examen físico y estudio radiográfico. Actualmente es raro utilizar el tratamiento conservador, por ello la mayoría son tratadas de manera quirúrgica. El tornillo dinámico condileo fue diseñado para el fémur distal pero con el tiempo se encontró su utilidad en el tratamiento de fracturas del fémur proximal. Objetivo: Determinar la proporción y las características del manejo de fracturas intertrocantéricas de cadera Tronzo V con tornillo dinámico condíleo. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en pacientes con diagnóstico de fractura intertrocantéricade cadera Tronzo V ingresados en las salas de ortopedia en el periodo de enero 2010 a junio 2011. Se utilizó un instrumento para recolectar información sociodemográfica y clínica a partir del expediente clínico. Los resultados se presentan como frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: Se registraron 18 pacientes, edad promedio 75.7 años, 66.7% (12) eran mujeres. En todos los casos se logró fijar la fractura. Solamente 4 (22.2%) presentaron complicaciones post-operatorias con este implante. Conclusión: El tornillo dinámico condileo permite reducir los costos, acelera la intervención temprana y brinda un manejo oportuno de la lesión del paciente...

Histomorphometric analysis of bone tissue repair in rabbits after insertion of titanium screws under different torque / Estudo histomorfométrico do reparo tecidual ósseo de coelhos com parafusos de titânio inseridos sob diferentes intensidades de torques

PURPOSE: To evaluate the inflammatory response of rabbit bone after insertion of titanium screws under different torque values. METHODS: Four holes were made in the back tibia of fifteen New Zealand male albino rabbits; three screws were placed in each animal and a control hole remained without a screw. The screws were inserted with 0, 5 or 10 N.cm of torque. The animals were assigned to five groups according to the day of sacrifice after surgery (2, 7, 14, 21 or 42 days). The inflammatory cells and the thickness of the bone tissue around the screws was count. RESULTS: The screws were associated with a larger number of inflammatory cells when compared to the control hole. There was no statistically significant difference when several comparisons were made among the groups with different torque intensity. CONCLUSIONS: The histological changes were not statistically significant. There was a trend toward an increase in inflammatory cells found in local bone tissue surrounding the titanium screws installed with the highest torque. There was a tendency toward the formation of a lower thickness of tissue surrounding those bone screws that were inserted with higher torque.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar em variados períodos de tempo a resposta inflamatória do tecido ósseo de coelhos nos quais foram instalados parafusos de titânio com variadas intensidades de torque. MÉTODOS: 15 coelhos Nova Zelândia receberam três parafusos de titânio instalados em cada tíbia traseira e uma perfuração sem parafuso. Foram inseridos os parafusos com 0, 5 e 10 N.cm de torque. A eutanásia ocorreu 2, 7, 14, 21 e 42 dias pós-operatórios e foram analisados a em microscopia óptica a quantidade de células inflamatórias e espessura do tecido ósseo formado. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que a presença de parafusos apresentou uma quantidade significantemente maior de células inflamatórias quando comparado às perfurações controle. Houve um aumento na formação de tecido ósseo adjacente aos parafusos dos grupos 14, 21 e 42 dias quando comparados aos demais. CONCLUSÕES: Quanto maiores foram os torques de instalação dos parafusos de titânio, maiores foram as quantidades de células inflamatórias locais observadas nos tecidos ósseos circundantes e que com o passar dos períodos de tempo, foram diminuindo gradativamente. As espessuras de tecidos ósseos formadas observadas ao redor dos parafusos inseridos foram proporcionalmente menores quando a intensidade dos torques aplicados foram cada vez maiores.

Migración del tornillo interferencial luego de la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior / Migration of the fixation screw after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Las complicaciones en las cirugías del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) son frecuentes, y dentro de ellas, el aflojamiento y la migración del tornillo interferencial es poco frecuente. Se analizaron 5 pacientes, 4 mujeres y 1 varón, operados de LCA que tuvieron esta complicación y se les retiró dicho implante. 3 fueron con injerto STRI, 1 HTH patelar y 1 aloinjerto STRI. Los tornillos fueron 2 de metal y 3 biodegradables, 3 tibiales y 2 femorales. El síntoma más frecuente fue el dolor y en un caso bloqueo articular. A todos se les retiró el tornillo y fueron evaluados los resultados con Scores de Lysholm e IKDC y evaluación artrométrica con KT-1000. Los resultados fueron buenos y todos los pacientes retornaron a su mismo nivel de actividad previa.

Efficacy of PEEK Cages and Plate Augmentation in Three-Level Anterior Cervical Fusion of Elderly Patients

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of three-level anterior cervical arthrodesis with polyethyletherketone (PEEK) cages and plate fixation for aged and osteoporotic patients with degenerative cervical spinal disorders. METHODS: Twenty one patients, who had undergone three-level anterior cervical arthrodesis with a cage and plate construct for degenerative cervical spinal disorder from November 2001 to April 2007 and were followed up for at least two years, were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 71.7 years and the mean T-score using the bone mineral density was -2.8 SD. The fusion rate, change in cervical lordosis, adjacent segment degeneration were analyzed by plain radiographs and computed tomography, and the complications were assessed by the medical records. The clinical outcomes were analyzed using the SF-36 physical composite score (PCS) and neck disability index (NDI). RESULTS: Radiological fusion was observed at a mean of 12.3 weeks (range, 10 to 15 weeks) after surgery. The average angle of cervical lordosis was 5degrees preoperatively, 17.6degrees postoperatively and 16.5degrees at the last follow-up. Degenerative changes in the adjacent segments occurred in 3 patients (14.3%), but revision surgery was unnecessary. In terms of instrument-related complications, there was cage subsidence in 5 patients (23.8%) with an average of 2.8 mm, and loosening of the plate and screw occurred in 3 patients (14.3%) but there were no clinical problems. The SF-36 PCS before surgery, second postoperative week and at the last follow-up was 29.5, 43.1, and 66.2, respectively. The respective NDI was 55.3, 24.6, and 15.9. CONCLUSIONS: For aged and osteoporotic patients with degenerative cervical spinal disorders, three-level anterior cervical arthrodesis with PEEK cages and plate fixation reduced the pseudarthrosis and adjacent segment degeneration and improved the clinical outcomes. This method is considered to be a relatively safe and effective treatment modality.

[Plates and screws removal after sagital split osteotomy]

In contemporary orthognatic surgery, osteotomy and rigid internal fixation procedures are commonly used to restore stability and function of the jaws, and to obtain comfort for patients. Although there are many good reasons for utilization of this type of fixation, in some patients the need to remove plates and screws after surgery may arise due to related complications. The present study investigated plate removal after sagital split osteotomy and its reasons. In this prospective study, 67 patients in need of sagital spilt osteotomy or bimaxillary osteotomy were selected from two university departments during the period of 2005 to 2007. All patients were followed up for 14 month after surgery and number of plates removed was recorded. In addition, information regarding age, sex, duration of operation, medical condition, splitting during surgery, smoking habits, and need to extract wisdom teeth at the time of surgery were gathered. The data were analyzed using a linear logistic regression model with the SPSS software version 12. Infection was the sole reason for plate removal in this study. From 134 plates used in 67 patients 14 plates [10.5%] were removed in 10 patients. Age was the only statistically significant factor to affect plate removal and the effect of other factors were not statistically significant. According to the findings of this study only a few patients needed plate removal. Routine removal of plate does not appear to be clinically indicated

Management of tibial plateau fractures in patients having compromised soft tissue envelope using hizarov external fixator

Complex fractures of the tibial plateau are associated with considerable displacement of the articular surface together with either open wounds or severe soft tissue injury. Adequate Condition of the soft tissue is an important prerequisite before reconstruction of the tibial plateau. Conventional treatment by open reduction and internal fixation by plate and screws necessitates extensive dissection through compromised soft tissue with high rates of shin necrosis and infection. Twenty three patients with tibial plateau fractures having compromised soft tissue envelope were treated using the Ilizarov method with or without minimal internal fixation. There were nineteen male [82.6%] and four female [17.4%] patients with average age 39.4 years [range 22 to 65 years]. The mechanism of injury was road traffic accident in seventeen patients [73.9%], fall from height in five patients [21.7%] and one patient [4.4%] injured by wall collapse. Using the criteria of Honkonen and Jarvinen as regard functional results, fifteen patients [65.2%] were considered to have excellent results, six [26.1%] good and two [8.7%] fair. The Ilizarov method for treatment of tibial plateau fractures with or without minimal internal fixation is considered a mini invasive procedure with low morbidity for a fracture that would otherwise require an extensive dissection and internal fixation with plates and screws with further soft tissue compromise and high rate of complications

Vascular injuries caused by orthopaedic screws

To describe 3 cases of vascular injuries due to orthopaedic procedures. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: Of 242 vascular injuries, 3 were due to orthopaedic screws. The 1st patient presented with a late complication [after 3 years] of an orthopaedic screw placed in close proximity to the axillary artery that with time got eroded and leaked to form a false aneurysm which later caused embolisation to the arm and limb ischaemia. The 2nd and 3rd cases were due acute ischaemia following the orthopaedic procedures. Both were injuries to the popliteal artery, one after a long screw and the other after drilling the tibia. The aneurysm of the 1st case was resected, the screw was removed and a reversed segment of the right long saphenous vein was used to repair the axillary artery. In the 2nd patient, a bypass of the left popliteal artery to the tibio-peroneal trunk was performed using a reversed 12-cm-long saphenous vein graft retrieved from the right thigh. In the 3rd patient, the right popliteal vein was ligated, and a reversed 25-cm-long saphenous vein graft retrieved from the left thigh was used for a femoro-popliteal bypass. For the 3 patients, postoperative recovery was unremarkable. Pulses were present within 6-10 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Whenever limb vascularity is compromised after an orthopaedic procedure, a high index of suspicion for an arterial injury should be exercised and prompt referral to the vascular service is mandatory. Repair of injured vessels with a saphenous vein graft provides excellent long-term results

Complications associated with rigid internal fixation of mandibular fractures.

A clinical evaluation is made in twenty patients with twenty seven mandibular fractures, managed with rigid internal compression plate and screw osteosynthesis. An analysis regarding complications of this method is made and discussed.